Messaggi chiave
- Il carcinoma della mammella triplo negativo (TNBC) presenta una prognosi sfavorevole rispetto ad altri sottotipi di tumore mammario. Comprenderne il profilo di rischio è essenziale per guidare il disegno di idonee strategie di prevenzione e screening della malattia.
- È stata condotta una revisione sistematica e metanalisi della letteratura volta a indagare l’associazione tra fattori di rischio noti per lo sviluppo di carcinoma mammario e il rischio di TNBC. Gli autori hanno consultato i database EMBASE, Medline e SCOPUS e preso in considerazione anche la cosiddetta “letteratura grigia”, identificando in ultimo 33 studi idonei.
- Familiarità, uso prolungato di contraccettivi orali e densità mammaria più elevata sono risultati associati a un aumento significativo del rischio di TNBC, mentre menarca tardivo, prima gravidanza in età più avanzata e allattamento sono emersi come fattori protettivi. Non è stata individuata alcuna associazione con parità, terapia ormonale sostitutiva, consumo di alcol, abitudine al fumo e indice di massa corporea, eccetto per un aumento del rischio di TNBC all’aumentare del numero di gravidanze nelle donne di etnia nera.
Abstract
Background
- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines whether known risk factors for breast cancer are also associated with TNBC in adult females.
Methods
- EMBASE, Medline, SCOPUS, and grey literature were queried with no limit on the date or language of publication.
- The exposures of interest included parity, breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding, age at menarche, age at first live birth, oral contraceptive (OC) use, duration of OC use, use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), family history, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, smoking and breast density.
- The main outcome of interest was TNBC.
- Study quality was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for case control studies and cohort studies.
- We estimated weighted odds ratios from random effects models to study the exposure-outcome associations.
- Protocol was registered under the number: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021254594.
Results
- Thirty-three studies were included.
- Family history, longer duration of oral contraceptive use, and higher breast density were significantly associated with increased risk for TNBC, whereas, later age at menarche, later age at first birth and breastfeeding were protective against TNBC.
- Parity, MHT, alcohol, smoking, and BMI were not significantly associated with TNBC overall, but higher parity was associated with higher risk among Black women.
Conclusion
- Our findings highlight that TNBC has a distinct risk-factor profile compared to overall breast cancer.
- This can be the foundational work in identification of actionable TNBC risk factors to improve prevention and early detection of these poor prognosis breast tumors.